Direct and Indirect Speech

   Direct and Indirect Speech (Narration )

(1) वक्ता (Speaker ) के कहे हुए  शब्दों को हम दो प्रकार से व्यक्त (प्रकट ) कर सकते हैं -

      (i ) हम वक्ता के शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों कह सकते हैं। जैसे-

              Ram said, "I am going to Mumbai."  

             उपर्युक्त वाक्य  में वक्ता (Speaker ) Ram है तथा Ram के कहे हुए शब्दों को ज्यों का त्यों (actul words) Inverted  Commas "......." में लिखा गया है। अतः इसे Direct Narration या Direct Speech कहते हैं। 

     (ii )   हम वक्ता के कहे हुए कथन का सारांश (substance ) प्रकट करते हैं। जैसे -

              Ram said that he was going  to Mumbai.

             उपर्युक्त वाक्य में वक्ता कथन को ज्योंका त्यों न कहकर उसका भाव प्रकट किया गया है। I को he मे तथा am को was में बदलना पड़ा। अतः इसे Indirect Narration या Indirect Speech कहते हैं। Indirect Speech में Inverted Commas का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। 

(2 ) Direct Narration के निम्नलिखित भाग होते हैं -

              Ram said to Shyam , " I am going to Mumbai." 

   (i) Reported Speech : वक्ता द्वारा जो कुछ भी कहा जाता है उसे Reported Part या Reported Speech कहते हैं। उपर्युक्त वाक्य में   " I am going to Mumbai."  Reported Speech है। 

    (ii) Reporting Verb : Reporting Part  में वक्ता कथन को जिस Finite Verb से कहना आरम्भ करता है,उसे Reporting Verb कहते हैं। उपर्युक्त वाकया में Said Reporting  Verb है। 

   (iii) Subject of Reporting Verb : वक्ता को Subject of Reporting Verb कहते हैं। उपर्युक्त वाक्य  में Ram Subject of Reporting Verb है। 

   (iv) Object of Reporting Verb : वक्ता की बातों को जो सुनता है उसे  Object of Reporting Verb  कहते हैं। उपर्युक्त वाक्य में Shyam Object of Reporting Verb है। 

Direct Speech के मुख्य बिंदु ➖

1. Direct Speech में वक्ता (Speaker ) के कथन को Inverted Commas के अंदर रखा जाता है। 
2. Reporting Verb के पश्चात् Comma (,) का प्रयोग होता है। 
3. Inverted Commas के अंदर के भाग का प्रथम अक्षर Capital Letter से लिखा जाता है। 

Note:

Direct and Indirect Speech में  सामान्यतः पांच प्रकार के Sentences का अध्ययन किया जाता है जो निम्नलिखित हैं -

1. Assertive Sentences
1. Affirmative/Positive Sentences
2. Negative Sentences
2. Interrogative Sentences
3. Imperative sentences
4. Optative Sentences
5. Exclamatory Sentences     

         1.Assertive Sentences

(I) Tenses में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम (Rules for the Change of Tenses )

  👉  Rule 1. (i )  Reporting Verb यदि Present या Future Tense में है तो Reported Speech की Verb के Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। 

(ii) Indirect Speech बनाते समय Inverted Comma ("........") को हटाकर Conjunction ' that ' का प्रयोग करते हैं। 

(iii) यदि Reporting Verb के बाद कोई Object न हो तो Say/Says तथा Will/Shall Say  को ज्यों का त्यों रखते हैं। 

(iv) यदि Reporting Verb के बाद कोई Object हो तो Say/Says को Tell/Tells में  तथा  Will/Shall Say को Will/Shall Tell  में बदल देते हैं। 

Examples :-

1.    Direct      : Hari said, “Mohan goes to school.
       Indirect  : Hari says that Mohan goes to school.

2.    Direct     : Mohan says, “Gopal will go there.”
       Indirect  : Mohan says that Gopal will go there.

3.    Direct     : The Teacher will say, “Hari is an old man.”
       Indirect  : The teacher will say that Hari is an old man.

4.    Direct     : Ram says to me, “Mohan has gone to Agra.”
       Indirect  : Ram tells me that Mohan has gone to Agra.

5.    Direct     : Sohan will say to him, “Asha is very intelligent.”
       Indirect  : Sohan will tell him that Asha is very intelligent.

6.    Direct     : He has said to me, “Ravi will join the camp.”
       Indirect  : He has told me that Ravi will join the camp.

👉Rule 2. 

(i) Reporting Verb यदि Past Tense में है तो Reported Speech के Verb को  Past Tense में बदल देते हैं। 

(ii) Inverted Comma को हटाकर Conjunction ' that ' का  प्रयोग करते हैं।

(iii) Reporting Verb यदि said है और उसके बाद कोई Object नहीं है तो said को ज्यों का त्यों रहने देंगे। 

(iv) Reporting Verb यदि said है और उसके बाद कोई Object है तो said को told में बदल देंगे। 

Examples :-

1.    Direct      : Rama said, "Mohan is reading a paper."

       Indirect   :  Rama said that Mohan was reading paper.

2.    Direct     :  Mohan said, "Hari has beaten Madan".

       Indirect   :  Mohan said that Haro had beaten Madan.

3.    Direct      : Gopal said to Govind, "Hari is going to Agra.

       Indirect   : Gopal told Govind tha Hari was going to Agra.

4.    Direct      : He said to me, " The boy did the work".

       Indirect   : He told me that the boy had done the work.

5.    Direct     : Kamla said to Sita, "Mira will go there".

       Indirect   : Kamla told Sita that Mira would go there. 

👉यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल में हो तो, Reported  Speech के Verb का  tense निम्नलिखित रूप में बदलेगा। जैसे -

(A)  Present Indefinite                     changes into                    Past Indefinite

        Is/Am/Are                                changes into                    was/were

(B)  Present Continuous                 changes Into                    Past Continuous

        Is/Am/Are going                      changes into                    was/were going

(C)  Present Perfect                        changes into                    Past Perfect

        Has/Have gone                       changes into                    had gone

 

(D)  Present Perfect continuous     changes into                  Past Perfect Continuous

        Has/Have been going             changes into                    had been going

(E)  Past Indefinite                          changes into                    Past Perfect 

  

        Went                                       changes into                      had gone

(F)  Past Continuous                      changes into                    Past Perfect Continuous

        Was/Were going                     changes into                    had been going

(G)  No changes in Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous

          Had gone                              remains                           had gone

          Had been going                  remains                           had been going

(H)  Future Tense का परिवर्तन इस प्रकार होगा -

             Shall go                              changes into                  should go

             Will go                                changes into                   would go

             Will be going                     changes into                   would be going

             Will have gone                  changes into                   would have gone

             Will have been going       changes into                   would have been going  

(I)  अन्य पारिवर्तन इस प्रकार होंगे -

            May go                               changes into                    might go

            Can go                                changes into                   could go

            Do/Does not go                changes into                   did not go

            Did not go                          changes into                   had not go  

            Was helped                        changes into                   had been helped

Note : यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल (Past Tense ) में है, तो  Reported Speech में आने वाले  should, could, would, must, ought, might, had better, to go तथा  used to में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है । 

Examples:      

1. Direct    : Mohan said, "Rakesh tells a lie".

    Indirect : Mohan said that Rakesh told a lie.

2. Direct    : Sohan said to me, "Ram is writing a book."

    Indirect : Sohan told me that Ram was writing a book.

3. Direct    : Malti said, "Hari has not bought a book."

    Indirect : Malti said that Hari had not bought a book.

4. Direct    : He said, "It has been raining since morning."

    Indirect : He said that I had been raining since morning.

5. Direct   : Mina said to Lata, "Shila went to Agra with Kamala."

    Indirect : Mina told Lata that Shila had gone to Agra with Kamala.

6. Direct    : He said, "The students were learning their lessons."

    Indirect : He said that the students had been learning their lessons.

7. Direct   : They said, "Usha had wont the match."

    Indirect : They said that Usha had won the match.

8. Direct    : I said, "I shall play."

    Indirect : I said that I should play.

9. Direct    : He said, "The boy may go."

    Indirect : He said that the boy might go.

10. Direct   : He said, "Ram must go."

      Indirect : He said that Ram must go.

Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद (Exceptions)

👉 नीचे लिखी दशाओं में Reporting Verb  के  Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है -

🤔 जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बात (Universal truth ) कही जाए, जैसे -

1. Direct    : The teacher said, "The earth moves around the sun."

   Indirect : The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.

2. Direct    : He said, "The sun rises in the east."

    Indirect : He said that the sun rises in the east.

🤔 जब कोई आदत सम्बन्धी तथ्य ( habitual fact ) कहा जाए, जैसे -

1. Direct    : Manav said to Prem, "Dogs bark at strangers."

    Indirect : Manav told Prem that dogs bark at strangers.

2. Direct    : The teacher said, "When the cat is away, the mice play."

    Indirect : The teacher said that when the cat is away, the mice play.

🤔 जब कोई कहावत (Proverb) कही जाए , जैसे -

   Direct    : He said, "Honesty is the best policy."

   Indirect : He said that honesty is the best policy.

🤔 जब किसी ऐतिहासिक घटना (Historical fact ) का जिक्र हो , जैसे -

   Direct    : He said, "Indira Gandhi was shot dead in 1984."

   Indirect : He said that Indira Gandhi was shot dead in 1984

🤔 जब किसी वाक्य में भूतकाल  (बीते हुए समय ) में दो कार्य एक ही समय में हो रहे हों , जैसे -

   Direct    : Mira said, "When the match began, it started raining."

   Indirect : Mira said that when the match began, it started raining.

Persons  में परिवर्तन सम्बन्धी नियम 

( Rules for the change of Persons)

👉 Rule 1. Reported Speech के First Person के Pronouns ( I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours ) को Reporting Verb के Subject (कर्ता ) के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल जाते हैं । जैसे -

1. Direct    : I said, "I do not like smoking."

    Indirect : I said that I did not like smoking.

2. Direct    : You said, "I am doing my work."

    Indirect : You were doing your work.

3. Direct    : Tanya said, "I read my book everyday."

    Indirect : Tanya said that she read her book everyday.

4. Direct     : They said, "We want to go to Aligarh."

    Indirect : They said that we wanted to go to Aligarh.

👉Rule 2. Reported Speech में आये हुए Second Person के Pronouns (you, yours ) को Reporting Verb के Object के अनुसार बदल देते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct    : He said to me, "You are sad."

    Indirect : He told me that I was sad.

2. Direct     : He said to her, "You are fool."

    Indirect : He told me that she was fool.

3. Direct    : Neha said to him, "You are not doing any work."

    Indirect : Neha told him that he was not doing any work.

4. Direct     : I said to them, "You are very happy."

    Indirect : I told them that they were very happy.

Note : यदि Reporting Verb का Object न दिया हो तो  Reported Speech के Second Person के Pronouns (you) को First Person या Third Person में भी बदल देते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct    : The teacher said, "You have done your work."

    Indirect : The teacher told the boys that they had done their work.

2. Direct    : Ram said, "You should work hard."

    Indirect : Ram told me that I should work hard.

👉 Rule 3. Reported Speech में आये हुए Third Person के Pronouns ( he, she, it, they, his, her, hers, their, theirs, them ) में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है। जैसे -

1. Direct     : Mohan said to me, "He will not help Mahesh,"

    Indirect : Mohan told me that he would not help Mahesh.

2. Direct    : I said, "She is not a good player."

    Indirect : I said that she was not a good player. 

Note : 

 (a) Noun को सदैव Third Person में मानते हैं।

 (b) अगर Reporting Verb के Subject और Object दोनों Third Person में हों तो Indirect Narration                में परिवर्तन करते समय कोष्ठक (bracket) के भीतर उनके सामने उन व्यक्तियों के नाम लिख देते हैं। जैसे-

  Direct    : Shivani said to Gauri, "I shall always help you."

  Indirect : Shivani told Gauri that she (Shivani ) should always help her (Gauri ).

Indirect बनाते समय सर्वनाम की निम्न तालिका लाभदायक होगी :-

Persons	Pronouns	Nominative	Objective	Possesive
First Person	I           We	I           we	me           us	my, mine       our, ours
Second Person	You	you	you	your, yours
Third Person	He           She           It           They	he           she           it           they	him           her           it           them	his       her, hers       its       their, theirs

अन्य शब्दों में परिवर्तन 

           ( Changes in other words)  

👉 Rule 1. Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता  (Nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं। जैसे -

ago                                  changes into                       before

come                                      ,,                                     go

hence                                     ,,                                      thence

hither                                      ,,                                      thither

here                                        ,,                                      there

now / just                              ,,                                      then

this                                         ,,                                       that

these                                      ,,                                       those

thus                                        ,,                                       so

tonight                                   ,,                                       that night

today                                      ,,                                       that day

tomorrow                              ,,                                        the next day/the following day

yesterday                               ,,                                       the previous day / the day before

last night/week/year           ,,                                       the previous night/week/day

next week/month/year       ,,                                       the following week/month/year

yesterday morning               ,,                                       the previous morning

Examples :

1. Direct    : He says to me, "I cannot sleep here."

    Indirect : He tells me that he cannot sleep there.

2. Direct    : I said to you, " You will pass this year."

    Indirect : I told you that you would pass that year.

3. Direct    : Madan said to Gopal, "My Brother came here yesterday."

    Indirect : Madan told Gopal that his brother had come there the previous day.

4. Direct    : The boy said to his friend, "I am not going with you today."

    Indirect : The boy told his friend that he was not going with him the next day.

5. Direct    : Gauri said to Mohan, "I will beat you now."

    Indirect :Gauri told Mohan that she would beat him then.

👉Rule 2. यदि This, here और now किसी ऐसी वस्तु या स्थान की ओर संकेत करते हैं जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो तो Indirect Narration बनाते समय उनमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है। जैसे -

1. Direct    : He said, "This is the book which I bought yesterday."

    Indirect ; He said that this was the book which he had bought the previous day.

2. Direct    : Rama said to Mohan, "I cannot sell the house. Here I passed my childhood.

    Indirect : Rama told Mohan that  he could not sell the house. Here he had passed his                                  childhood.

👉Rule 3. This  या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ओर संकेत के लिए होता है तो Indirect Narration में इनको that या those में ही बदलते हैं। पर यदि this या these का प्रयोग Adjectives की भांति हुआ है तो Indirect Narration बनाते समय that या those के स्थान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct   : He said, "I have bought this doll from Nainital."

    Indirect : He said that he had bought that doll from Nainital.

                                              or

                    He said that he had bought the doll from Nainital.

2. Direct    : The typist said, "I have typed all these letters."

    Indirect : The typist said that he had typed all those letters.

                                               or

                     The typist said that he had typed all the the letters.

                                          

                                                            कुछ विशेष परिवर्तन 

                                                (Some Special Changes )

👉Rule 1. कभी - कभी Reported Speech में कुछ Nouns, Vocative Case में आ जाते हैं। Indirect Narration में परिवर्तन करते समय वे Reporting Verb के Object बन जाते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct    : Mahima said, "Manav, I shall give you a book."

    Indirect : Mahima told Manav that she should give him a book.

2. Direct    : "My sons, " said the old farmer, "I am planting these trees for you."

    Indirect : The old Former told his sons that he was planting those trees for them.

👉Rule 2. यदि Inverted Commas के अन्दर सम्बोधन के शब्द (Terms of Address ) का प्रयोग हो, तो उनको Object में बदल देते हैं या फिर address .....as  के बाद रखते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct   : The teacher said, "Children, I am pleased with you."

    Indirect : The teacher told the children that he was pleased with them.

2. Direct    : "Naughty boy, said his mother, "you have been fighting again."

    Indirect : Addressing her son as a naughty boy  the mother said that he had been fighting                          again.

3. Direct    : "My dear daughter, " said she, I shall teach you Psychology.

    Indirect : Addressing her as her dear daughter she said that she would teach her Psychology.

👉Rule 3. Needn't  को Indirect Speech में ज्यों का त्यों रहने देते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct   : Radhika said her friend, "I needn't go there now."

    Indirect : Radhika told her friend that she needn't go there then.

👉Rule 4. यदि Inverted Commas के अन्दर well  या you see शब्द हों तो Indirect Narration बनाते समय इन शब्दों को छोड़ देते हैं क्योंकि ये शब्द निरर्थक (meaningless) हैं। जैसे -

1.Direct    : My father said, "Well Ram, I shall give you a prize."

   Indirect : My father told Ram that he would give you a prize.

2. Direct   : My father, "You see, I cannot tolerate such things."

    Indirect : My father said that he could not tolerate such things.

👉Rule 5. जिन शर्त बताने वाले (conditional) वाक्यों से काल्पनिक (Imaginary) अथवा अवास्तविक (Unreal) स्थिति का बोध होता है, उनमें अवास्तविक भूतकाल (Unreal Past Tense) का प्रयोग होता है। Indirect Speech में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है। जैसे -

1. Direct   : "If my college were near the house, I would always be in time."

    Indirect : Sarla said that if her college were near the house, she would always be in time.

👉Rule 6. Reported Speech में Thank you  का प्रयोग होने पर Indirect Speech में Reporting Verb को thanked  में बदल देते हैं। इसी तरह Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त hope , feel  आदि को भी Reporting Verb बना देते हैं। जैसे -

1. Direct   : The servant said to the master, "Thank you, sir, for your help." 

    Indirect : The servant respectfully thanked  the master for his help.

2. Direct   : Arvind said, "I feel sorry for what I have said."

    Indirect : Arvind felt sorry (regretted) for what he had said.

3. Direct   : Kamya said, "I hope my friend will come today."

    Indirect : Kamya hoped that her friend would come that day.